View source for Using GRUB to boot multiple operating systems, the correct way

Often when you want to use more than one Operating System on your computer, you run into GRUB issues.

When you install an OS, or upgrade an installed OS, problems can occur when the new install overwrites your GRUB setup, leaving you with unbootable OS's. It is possible to correct these issues, but that is an annoying exercise that you will have to repeat every time you update stuff.

=chainloader=
In order to solve this issue for once and for all, the solution is to make 1 partition the 'master GRUB' partition. This GRUB will contain only so called 'chainloader' commands, pointing to all the 'child' partitions containing the OS's. Those partitions will contain the GRUB's from those OS's. So we create a 2 stage boot process: 

In this scenario let all the OS's manage their own partitions, and THIS IS IMPORTANT: don't let them update our 'master GRUB' partition. They can update their own GRUB during updates etc.

=MBR info=
Note that the 'grub-install' method has the added protection of not inadvertantly overwriting your partition table if it had been modified since your last MBR backup.

This is because the 512byte MBR sector is actually two parts:
#The first 446 bytes is the grub stage1 bootloader (or the windows bootloader after you’ve reinstalled windows and it “helpfully” overwrites grub).
#The last 64 bytes is where your partition table is stored.

So, if you only want to backup the bootloader in the MBR, remember to change the bs=512 to bs=446.

= What You Absolutely Need to Know =
In order to use grub to boot a computer, you need to know the following:

# The partition containing the kernel 
# Within that partition, the directory path and filename of the kernel 
# The partition containing /sbin/init 

In addition, you might need the partition, path and filename of the initrd file, but usually this is not necessary with grub.


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| <center>'''NOTE'''</center>

I have seen cases in which a kernel would kernel panic without an initrd statement, and would boot with it. The interesting thing is, once I got it booting, I could remove the initrd statement, rerun grub's setup, and it would now boot without the initrd statement. If you get kernel panics and it isn't obvious why, don't hesitate to insert an initrd statement.

|}
Now let's take a look at an example. Imagine a system in which /dev/hda1 is mounted as /boot, and /dev/hda9 is mounted as /. Within /boot the kernel filename is vmlinuz-i686-up-4GB. Now let's answer the four questions:

# The partition containing the kernel = /dev/hda1, or (hd0,0) in grub-speak
# Within that partition, the directory path and filename of the kernel = /vmlinuz-i686-up-4GB(Remember, /dev/hda1 is mounted directly to /boot, so it contains the kernel directly)
# The partition containing /sbin/init is /dev/hda9

In that case, here are the grub commands you would input to boot that system:

 '''grub> root (hd0,0)'''
 '''grub> kernel /vmlinuz-i686-up-4GB root=/dev/hda9'''
 '''grub> boot'''

The preceding is usually sufficient to boot a Linux box. The standalone root statement tells the partition containing the kernel. The kernel statement describes the path and filename, ''within the partition containing the kernel'' of the kernel. The argument to the root= argument to the kernel statement tells the partition containing /sbin/init, which of course turns out to be the root partition in the booted system. 

Be careful of these duelling root keywords. The standalone one is the root as seen from grub, and contains the kernel. The argument to the kernel statement is the root as seen from the fully booted system, and contains /sbin/init.

Be careful also of where you use grub partition notation and where you use Linux partition notation. You use grub partition notation ((hd0,0)) everywhere except the root= argument to the kernel statement. In the root= argument you use the Linux partition notation. Note that in Linux notation, the drive starts with a for the first IDE port master, then b for the first IDE port slave, then c for the second IDE port master, and&nbsp; d for the second IDE port slave, on and on throughout your IDE ports. In Linux notation, the partition number within the drive starts with 1.

In grub partition notation, the first accessible hard drive is (hd0), the next accessible hard drive (even if it's on the 3rd, 4th or higher IDE port) is (hd1), and so forth. In grub partition notation, the partition number is zero based. Thus:

/dev/hda1 is the same partition as (hd0,0)

Occasionally you'll need to specify an initrd, although this is rare. If so, after the kernel statement and of course before the boot statement, insert the following:

 initrd /initrd-i686-up-4GB.img

It's absolutely essential that if you do use an initrd statement, that the initrd file you reference must match the kernel you referenced earlier.


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| <center>'''NOTE'''</center>

I have seen cases in which a kernel would kernel panic without an initrd statement, and would boot with it. The interesting thing is, once I got it booting, I could remove the initrd statement, rerun grub's setup, and it would now boot without the initrd statement. If you get kernel panics and it isn't obvious why, don't hesitate to insert an initrd statement.

|}
Another documented way to boot from grub is to put the grub-root in the kernel statement itself instead of as a separate entity:

 '''grub> kernel (hd0,0)/vmlinuz-i686-up-4GB root=/dev/hda9'''
 '''grub> boot'''

If you do that, you'll need to also specify the grub root ((hd0,0)) on any initrd statement.

== Booting Up Foreign Distros ==
Let's say you're a United States English speaker using grub to bust back into a Knoppix machine that lost its boot loader. The commands discussed previously would put you in Knoppix just fine, but the error messages and even the console keyboard would be German (Deutsch). If you wanted to boot up in American English, you'd add the argument lang=us to the kernel statement, like this:

 '''grub> kernel (hd0,0)/vmlinuz-i686-up-4GB root=/dev/hda9 lang=us'''
 '''grub> boot'''

or

 '''grub> root (hd0,0)'''
 '''grub> kernel /vmlinuz-i686-up-4GB root=/dev/hda9 lang=us'''
 '''grub> boot'''

== The Single Partition Configuration ==
The preceding example detailed a system with a dedicated /boot partition. Especially in these days of modern bioses that can boot past cylinder 1024, many people don't use a separate partition for /boot. Imagine if the root partition were /dev/hda1, and /boot was just another directory on that partition. In that case, here are the commands you'd use:

 '''grub> root (hd0,0)'''
 '''grub> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-i686-up-4GB root=/dev/hda1'''
 '''grub> boot'''

The only difference is here the grub root is the same as the booted system root.

= Having Grub Do Your Research For You =
Often you know the partition containing the kernel, the kernel directory and name, and which partition mounts to root after boot. In that case booting Linux from grub is trivial.

Other times you're not so lucky. Like when you accidentally messed up LILO, or when you or someone else installed Windows, inadvertently overwriting the boot loader on the MBR. That's when you need grub the most, but that's also when you're least likely to know the partition containing the kernel, the partition that will ultimately be root, and the name of the kernel. Luckily,&nbsp; grub can help.

Your first step is to find the partition containing the kernel and the partition containing /sbin/init. Now type the following at the grub> prompt:

 find /sbin/init

On a machine with three different Linux OS's installed, the answer would come back something like this:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"|  grub> '''find /sbin/init'''
  (hd0,8)
  (hd0,11)
  (hd1,11)
 grub>

|}
In the preceding example, you've found three different partitions containing /sbin/init:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.05pt double #808080;border-bottom:0.05pt double #808080;border-left:0.05pt double #808080;border-right:none;padding:0.053cm;"| Grub partition specification
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| Linux partition specification

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt double #808080;border-left:0.05pt double #808080;border-right:none;padding:0.053cm;"| (hd0,8)
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt double #808080;border-left:0.05pt double #808080;border-right:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| /dev/hda9

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt double #808080;border-left:0.05pt double #808080;border-right:none;padding:0.053cm;"| (hd0,11)
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt double #808080;border-left:0.05pt double #808080;border-right:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| /dev/hda12

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt double #808080;border-left:0.05pt double #808080;border-right:none;padding:0.053cm;"| (hd1,11)
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt double #808080;border-left:0.05pt double #808080;border-right:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| /dev/hde12Note: I infer that hd1 maps to hde because on this particular machine there are two hard disks, one at hda and one at hde.

|}
Next, find all partitions containing the kernel. Our first attempt assumes that at least one kernel will have filename vmlinuz.:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"|  grub> '''find /vmlinuz'''
  (hd0,0)
  (hd0,11)
  (hd1,11)
 grub>

|}
Then perform the same search for vmlinuz in a directory called /boot:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"|  grub> '''find /boot/vmlinuz'''
  (hd0,11)
  (hd1,11)
 grub>

|}
Here we find only two of the three we found in the first attempt, because on this machine, (hd0,0) is mounted as /boot on one of the OS's.

Grub's find command is limited. It can find only regular files, not directories. Usually the entire directory path must be specified, although for some reason it finds a couple /boot/vmlinuz when you use find on /vmlinuz. Don't count on that behavior.

Another technique for finding info in grub is to use its file completion feature. Let's say you know the kernel is on (hd0,0) and the kernel file begins with vml. Press the tab key after issuing this partial command:

 null (hd0,0)/vmlinuz

Grub performs file completion much like you see at a Linux command prompt.


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"|  grub> '''null (hd0,0)/vml'''inuz
  Possible files are: vmlinuz vmlinuz-2.6.3-7mdk vmlinuz-2.6.3-7mdk-i686-up-4GB
 vmlinuz-i686-up-4GB
 grub>

|}
In the preceding, the word null is not a keyword, but instead a word chosen because it is not a keyword. Instead of "null", you could have used "whatever" or "bogus" or any other non-keyword. Once you get the list, you can complete a little more and then press tab again, just like at a bash prompt. By doing so you minimize the likelihood of transcription errors.

Occasionally grub won't easily give you all the necessary information. If you need more information than grub can conveniently provide, boot Knoppix. See Troubleshooters.Com's [http://www.troubleshooters.com/linux/knoppix/index.htm Knoppix Knowhow] site for details.

= Making a Full grub Boot Floppy =
In this document's first article you created a simple Grub boot floppy without a filesystem. This is adequate to boot a computer, but not to install grub on the computer. Installing grub requires a boot floppy with grub on a filesystem. You can do that on any Linux box on which grub is installed. The following are the steps:

 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/fd0u1440</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# umount /dev/fd0</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# umount /dev/fd0u1440</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# mkdir /mnt/test</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# mount /dev/fd0u1440 /mnt/test</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# mkdir -p /mnt/test/boot/grub</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# cp /boot/grub/stage1 /mnt/test/boot/grub</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# cp /boot/grub/stage2 /mnt/test/boot/grub</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# chmod a-w /mnt/test/boot/grub/stage2</nowiki>
 umount /dev/fd0u1440
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# grub</nowiki>
 grub> root (fd0)
 grub> setup (fd0)
 grub> quit
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]#</nowiki>

You now have a bootable grub floppy with which you can boot a computer. One more thing should go on the floppy -- an example menu.lst. The menu.lst file is what brings up a "grub menu", and is vital for actually installing the grub bootloader on another computer. On the computer you need to boot, you can edit the menu.lst file to produce a grub menu on boot, and to actually install grub on the system. Note that the example menu.lst shoud NEVER be copied to the floppy before all the steps listed above this paragraph. Here is a typical session showing how to perform the copy. Note that once again, a mount and unmount must be performed.

 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# mount /dev/fd0u1440 /mnt/test</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# cp -p /usr/share/doc/grub-doc-0.93/menu.lst /mnt/test/boot/grub/</nowiki>
 stage1  stage2  
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# cp -p /usr/share/doc/grub-doc-0.93/menu.lst /mnt/test/boot/grub/menu.lst.example</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]# umount /dev/fd0u1440</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[root@mydesk root]#</nowiki>

= Installing grub From Floppy =
Do not perform this exercise until you've practiced the earlier exercises. Knowledge of the operation of the grub command line interface is vital to creating and installing a menu driven grub.


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| <center>'''WARNING'''</center>

This exercise walks you through creating a floppy based grub boot floppy on a grub installation on computer 1, and then using that floppy to boot and configure grub on computer 2. It WILL wipe out any existing boot loader from computer 2. Hopefully it will replace that boot loader with grub, but there are no guarantees. In fact, this document addresses only Linux grub setups, so if you have Windows or BSD installed, this document cannot help you recover.Therefore, computer 2 MUST be an experimental computer whose data and OS you can afford to lose.

|}
In the [http://www.troubleshooters.com/linux/grub/grub.htm#_Making_a_Full_grub_Boot_Floppy Making a Full grub Boot Floppy] exercise you created a boot diskette with stage1, stage2, and an example menu.lst named menu.lst.example. Now it's time to use that floppy on another system. As mentioned in the preceding warning, that other system must be an experimental system whose boot loader you can afford to overwrite, possibly unsuccessfully.

Insert the full grub boot floppy in the experimental computer, shut the computer down in an orderly fashion, and reboot the computer. During BIOS boot, make sure the computer's first boot drive is the floppy.

It is very likely that the the other system has grub installed. To temporarily move its files aside, do the following:

 mv /boot/grub /boot/orggrub
 mv /sbin/grub /sbin/orggrub
 mv /sbin/grub-install /sbin/orggrub-install

Basically, rename directory /boot/grub, and then rename all grub executables. In this way you're simulating a machine that has never had grub installed, yet you can "put back" the files with a couple more renames. However, it is not so simple to "put back" the MBR.

The basic procedure is as follows:

# Boot from the grub floppy 
# Copy files from the floppy to /boot/grub on the hard disk 
# Configure /boot/grub/menu.lst for this computer 
# Reboot from floppy, and install grub

== Boot from the grub floppy ==
 '''grub> root (hd0,0)'''
 '''grub> kernel /vmlinuz-i686-up-4GB root=/dev/hda9'''
 '''grub> boot'''

As mentioned before, if booting to a foreign language distro, use the appropriate lang= kernel argument so that you can work in your native tongue. If everything went right, your experimental system is now booted.

== Copy files from the floppy to /boot/grub on the hard disk ==
First make sure there's no /boot/grub. If there is, rename it, because you sure don't want to overwrite it just to perform this exercise.

Now perform the following commands:

 mkdir /mnt/test
 mount /dev/fd0u1440 /mnt/test
 cp -Rp /mnt/test/boot/grub /boot

== Configure /boot/grub/menu.lst for this computer ==
If you began this document as a grub newbie, the sample menu.lst that ships with grub would have been useless to you. What a difference a few exercises can make. You now know how to boot a computer from the grub> prompt. You know the difference between the grub root and the root directory seen by Linux after bootup. You know how to structure a grub kernel statement.

A menu.lst file is basically just the same list of commands you'd use at the grub> prompt, except that the boot command is not included. The example menu.lst has commands for installing operating systems from mach to Windows, and it even has an entry that installs grub on the system and another that changes the menu colors. All of that is extraneous. What you want to do is delete all the non-Linux stuff, and configure the Linux commands to match your experimental machine's kernel partition, Linux root partition, and kernel filename. The following is an example of such an edited example file saved as menu.lst:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"|  '''<nowiki>#</nowiki>'''
 '''<nowiki># Sample boot menu configuration file</nowiki>'''
 '''<nowiki>#</nowiki>'''
 '''<nowiki># Boot automatically after 30 secs.</nowiki>'''
 '''timeout 30'''
 '''<nowiki># By default, boot the first entry.</nowiki>'''
 '''default 0'''
 '''<nowiki># Fallback to the second entry.</nowiki>'''
 '''<nowiki># fallback 1 </nowiki>   <nowiki># BE SURE TO COMMENT THIS OUT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!</nowiki>'''
 '''<nowiki># For booting GNU/Linux</nowiki>'''
 '''title  GNU/Linux'''
 '''root (hd0,0)'''
 '''kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.7 root=/dev/hda1 lang=us'''

|}
A few notes are in order:

* BE SURE to comment out the "fallback 1", because there is no choice 1, only a choice 0. 
* The default 0 statement simply points to which choice will run if the user makes no choice within the timeout period. 
* The lang= is unnecessary unless you're booting up a foreign distro and want to see it in your native language. 
* The root (hd0,0) needs to be adjusted to point to the partition containing the kernel. 
* The root=/dev/hda1 needs to be adjusted to point to the partition that will be mounted as root after booting. Note that it is expressed in Linux notation, not in grub notation. 
* The kernel statement points to the kernel ''relative to the grub root.'' In the preceding file it points to /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.7 in the Linux root partition. If Linux used a partition just for /boot, and that partition were /dev/hda1 as is typical of boot partitions, then the kernel would point to&nbsp;/vmlinuz-2.6.7 instead of /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.7, because the file would be on the root of the boot partition, and would become subservient to /boot only after the partition is mounted by Linux.
* Grub's default menu file is /boot/grub/menu.lst. You can use a different file, but it would require jumping through quite a few hoops. Use the default. 
* None of this is new to you. You already did all of this at the grub> prompt in previous exercises.

Your /boot/grub/menu.lst file is now complete. If you created it correctly, you can now install grub from your floppy:

== Reboot from floppy, and install grub ==
Insert your full grub boot floppy in the experimental machine, and reboot. The machine boots to the floppy, and you are presented with the grub> prompt. From there, installation is easy, assuming you've done the previous steps correctly:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"|  '''grub> root (hd0,0)'''
 '''grub> setup (hd0)'''
 '''grub> reboot'''

|}
The machine reboots again, and if you remove the floppy, you are presented a 1 item grub menu. This is what it looks like:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| [[Image:gnulinuxmenu.gif]] 

|}
Pressing Enter on that item boots the kernel listed in your menu.lst. A few notes are in order:

* Never remove the floppy while the floppy light is on
* If you fail to remove the floppy before the reboot reaches the bootloader, it will boot from floppy again. In that case, just boot from floppy as you have in prior exercises, and then remove the floppy and reboot the machine to get the menu. 

== Summary ==
Thats it. You created a bootable floppy with stage1, stage2 and an example menu file, and used that floppy to install a grub bootloader on a machine. This is how you can take a machine with a blown bootloader and configure it to boot with grub.

However, your "grub installation" falls short. None of the grub executables are there:

* grub 
* grub-floppy 
* grub-install 
* grub-md5-crypt 
* grub-reboot grub-terminfo

Also, many files normally placed in /boot/grub are not there:

* device.map 
* e2fs_stage1_5 
* jfs_stage1_5 
* minix_stage1_5 
* reiserfs_stage1_5 
* xfs_stage1_5

The other thing you don't have is the documentation that usually comes in /usr/share/grub.Once you get the machine booting in a stable manner, you'll probably want to install grub from a package manager or by compiling the source. Be sure to back up your existing /boot/grub/menu.lst.

= Working With a Fully Installed grub =
You don't want to reboot to floppy just to get to a grub> prompt or to make changes to the bootloader on your MBR. Once you've installed the full grub package you don't need to. You can use grub-install to install a newly configured boot loader without resorting to your boot floppy. You can use grub to view the results of a new menu.lst. 

After you've installed grub (or restored the original installation by undoing the renames), edit your menu.lst , insert a second entry that boots the 2.4 kernel instead of the 2.6, name each entry for its kernel number, and restore the. Here is the resulting file:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"|  '''<nowiki>#</nowiki>'''
 '''<nowiki># Sample boot menu configuration file</nowiki>'''
 '''<nowiki>#</nowiki>'''
 '''<nowiki># Boot automatically after 30 secs.</nowiki>'''
 '''timeout 30'''
 '''<nowiki># By default, boot the first entry.</nowiki>'''
 '''default 0'''
 '''<nowiki># Fallback to the second entry.</nowiki>'''
 '''fallback 1 '''
 '''<nowiki># For booting GNU/Linux</nowiki>'''
 '''title  26'''
 '''root (hd0,0)'''
 '''kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.7 root=/dev/hda1 lang=us'''
 '''<nowiki># For booting GNU/Linux</nowiki>'''
 '''title  24'''
 '''root (hd0,0)'''
 '''kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.27 root=/dev/hda1 lang=us'''

|}
The preceding file has two boot choices: One for the 2.6 kernel (appropriately named 26) and one for the 2.4 kernel (appropriately named 24). It defaults to 26, but if for some reason 26 won't boot it falls back to 24.

Once the file is saved, perform the following command:

 grub-install /dev/hda1



{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| <center>'''NOTE'''</center>

To get the same result, you can also run grub, either from a command line or via a grub boot floppy, and perform the following command sequence:

 grub> root (hd0,0)
 grub> setup (hd0)

The preceding assumes that the kernel is located on (hd0,0), which is otherwise known as /dev/hda1, and that you're installing it to the MBR of the first hard disk, also known as /dev/hda.

|}
The next time you boot your computer, you'll see choices 26 and 24, and they'll do the right thing, as follows:

If you want to view the menu without rebooting, try this command:

 grub --config-file \(hd0,0\)/boot/grub/menu.lst

In the preceding, note that you need to escape the parentheses of the grub partition because otherwise the shell will interpret those parentheses as special characters. Perform that command and you'll see the menu, which looks like the following:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:0.05pt double #808080;padding:0.053cm;"| [[Image:26and24menu.gif]] 

|}
However, you cannot actually boot from grub run on the command line.

== Options from the grub menu ==
We all hope every item on the menu produces a clean boot. If not, you can either edit individual commands in a given menu choice by pressing the&nbsp; e key, or drop down to the grub command prompt by pressing the c key. Generally speaking, you edit commands if you suspect the menu choice is close to a correct configuration, and you drop directly to the grub command prompt if you suspect the menu item to be totally wrong, or if you need the facilities of grub's find command or its command completion feature.


= Why Dedicated? =
If you've ever had four or more Linux distros on one box, you already know the answer. Install a new distro, and you lose the ability to boot the others. Oh sure, some distros are nice enough to try to detect the others, but often label them wrong. Some distros don't even try, but assume they're the only distro on the disk. Some distros overwrite everything with LILO.

When installing, removing and tweaking&nbsp;multiple distros on a single box, what you really need is a single menu of all boots. Ideally, you don't want that menu associated with a distro, because it it were, it would be overwritten every time you remove or reinstall that distro.

This document walks you through creating a 1 MB hard disk partition containing the grub boot code and the grub menu for all your various boots. By keeping this one and only one menu up to date, you avoid the confusion of constantly having to re-import all other boots every time you install something new. Because the partition is only a single megabyte, you avoid the temptation to cannibalize it for something else.

Once your grub partition is in place, adding a distro is as simple as installing that distro, then mounting the grub partition, and adding the new distro's grub boot information (menu.lst) to the boot distro's menu.lst, and then resetting the hard disk MBR to point to the grub partition.

= Creating Your Grub Partition =
Unless you have very strange hardware with special booting needs, you can fit all Grub code into a 1MB partition. Create the partition with fdisk. The fdisk program is able to make tiny partitions not on cylinder boundaries. Other programs such as cfdisk round to the nearest cylinder boundary, thereby making this partition much bigger than it needs to be. For the same reason, use fdisk to create the partition after this one, to make sure that no space is left in the middle. From then on, assuming partitions are big, other partitioning programs are fine, because a few megabytes on one side or the other of a 2GB partition aren't significant. 

If you're working with a very old bios with the ancient 1024 cylinder limitation, it should be very near the front of the disk (make it /dev/hda1). Remember, it's only a megabyte in size, so it's not going to "push out" any other partitions with this limitation (typically the /boot partition). As a practical matter, modern bios implementations don't have this limitation, so on modern machines you can put the grub partition anywhere.

Try to make sure to remember the device number (/dev/hda1) or whatever) housing the grub partition. However, if worst comes to worst, you can quickly see which partition using this command:

 fdisk -lu /dev/hda

The preceding command prints out the number of sectors used by each partition. The Grub partition will be the smallest, because no modern operating system can be housed in a 1MB partition.

Once you've used fdisk to create the partition, format it with the mkfs.ext2 command. There's no use making this an ext3 partition, because it's small enough to fsck anyway.

= Setting Up Your Grub Partition =
This is simply a matter of copying files. At the very least, you must have these three files:

# stage1 
# stage2 
# menu.lst 

You can copy stage1 and stage2 from the /boot/grub directory of the booted OS, or any partition. However, if you have any unusual hardware or journaling file systems besides ext3, you'll need some of the "stage1_5" files. In such a case, ALL the stage files must be copied from the same source. On your currently booted distro, perform the following command:

 locate stage

Here are some of the files that command shows on my Mandriva 2006 system:

* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/iso9660_stage1_5 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/e2fs_stage1_5 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/fat_stage1_5 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/ffs_stage1_5 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/reiserfs_stage1_5 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/jfs_stage1_5 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/minix_stage1_5 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/stage2_eltorito 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/stage1 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/stage2 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/ufs2_stage1_5 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/vstafs_stage1_5 
* /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/xfs_stage1_5 

I could copy ALL those files to the grub partition, or just stage1 and stage2.Here's how I'd do it:

 mkdir /mnt/test
 mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/test
 mkdir -p /mnt/test/boot/grub
 cp -p /lib/grub/i386-mandriva/* /mnt/test/boot/grub

Note that on my system, a du command reveals that all those files consume only 376KB, so there's plenty of room.

The only thing left to do is create /mnt/test/boot/grub/menu.lst.

= Making Your menu.lst =
If possible, find a partition whose menu.lst contains choices for booting several different partitions. If the partition having such a menu.lst were /dev/hda7 and your Grub partition were /dev/hda1, and you mounted them as /mnt/hda1 and &nbsp;/mnt/hda7, you'd perform the following command:

 cp /mnt/hda7/boot/grub/menu.lst /mnt/hda1/boot/grub

Now that you have a starter for menu.lst, edit the file and pull in the info from menu.lst files from other partitions, straight into your editor. In each case, delete out the new global information and keep only the info for each new boot. Be careful that you don't get two different choices for essentially the same boot.

Occasionally, on LILO-only distributions, you might find no menu.lst file. In that case, import that distro's /etc/lilo.conf and translate LILO menu info to Grub menu info. It's not difficult if you do it slowly.

As you edit the file, make different versions so that if it doesn't work you can try a simpler version.

= Making it Happen at Boot Time =
You've made your menu.lst on your Grub partition, complete with boot info from every distro on the system. The trouble is, that menu file won't be consulted at boot time. To get the boot to consult it, you need to tell the hard disk's MBR to consult your Grub partition. Assuming your Grub partition is /dev/hda1, here's how you do it:

 <nowiki># grub</nowiki>
 grub> root (hd0,0)
 grub> setup (hd0)
 grub> quit
 <nowiki># reboot</nowiki>

In the preceding command sequence, the first runs the grub executable. The second sets the root to (hd0,0), which is grub-speak for /dev/hda1. The third command tells grub to install code on the MBR that looks to /dev/hda1 for boot code. The fourth command terminates the grub command, and the fifth reboots the computer. When the computer reboots, if all went well you should see the menu you set up on your grub partition. If not, troubleshoot. If need be, bust back into the machine using the Grub techniques on the [http://www.troubleshooters.com/linux/grub/grub.htm Grub From the Ground Up] page, using either a Grub floppy or a Knoppix CD.

= Adding a New Distro =
This is where you start to see the real benefit of the dedicated Grub partition. In the bad old days, installing one more distro on your hard disk would necessitate a long and difficult search for other boots, culminating in voluminous troubleshooting. Now you simply edit your Grub partition's menu.lst and add the boots (not the globals) from the latest distro addition. Booted into the latest distro, signed in as root, it would go something like this:

# Mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/test 
# cd /mnt/test/boot/grub 
# cp -p menu.lst menu.lst.bup 
# vim menu.lst 
# Within vim: 
## G &nbsp;to get to the bottom 
## <nowiki>o&nbsp;<Enter><Enter><Enter><Enter> (in order to open a space) </nowiki>
## :r /boot/grub/menu.lst 
### NOTE: If the new version had /etc/lilo.conf and no /boot/grub/menu.lst, you might need to read in lilo.conf and then translate. It's not particularly difficult. 
## Delete all global info brought in by the new menu.lst, and also any boots you don't need. 
## :wq 
# Run Grub, and within Grub do this: 
## grub> root (hd0,0) 
## setup (hd0) 
# Reboot the computer, and your list should include all old boots as well as those brought in by the new boots. 

= The Case for Doing this On Every Hard Disk =
A tiny dedicated Grub partition makes it easy to include a [http://www.troubleshooters.com/linux/knoppix/knoppix_partition.htm dedicated Knoppix partition], along with anything else you might need on the hard drive.

I find life much easier with a Knoppix partition on every hard disk I own. On dedicated data drives, it allows me to grab my data if my system drive should become defunct. It allows easy transfer of data between an old data disk and its replacement, either with the old disk still in the production computer and the new disk in a spare computer, or the new disk in the production computer and the old disk in the spare computer (in other words, you forgot to do it before shutting down the production computer with the old disk -- it happens).

You never know when somebody, some time, will dual or tri-boot the system. Or install six different OS's on it. Having a dedicated Grub partition makes such events&nbsp;much easier to handle.