| **Command**
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| apropos whatis
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| [man](http://www.pixelbeat.org/lkdb/less.html) -t man | ps2pdf - > man.pdf
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| which command
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| time command
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| time cat
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| nice [info](http://www.pixelbeat.org/lkdb/info.html)
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| renice 19 -p $$
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| **dir navigation**
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| cd -
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| cd
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| (cd dir && command)
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| pushd **.**
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| **file searching**
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| [alias](http://www.pixelbeat.org/settings/.bashrc)l='ls -l --color=auto'
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| ls -lrt
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| ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS
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| find -name '\*.\[ch\]' | xargs grep -E 'expr'
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| find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example'
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| find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example'
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| find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while [read](http://www.pixelbeat.org/programming/readline/) dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done
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| find -type f ! -perm -444
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| find -type d ! -perm -111
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| locate -r 'file\[^/\]\*\\.txt'
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| look reference
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| grep [--color](http://www.pixelbeat.org/settings/.bashrc) reference /usr/share/dict/words
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| **archives and compression**
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| gpg -c file
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| gpg file.gpg
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| tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2
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| bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar -x
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| tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg'
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| find dir/ -name '\*.txt' | tar -c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir\_txt.tar.bz2
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| find dir/ -name '\*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir\_txt/ --parents
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| ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )
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| ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c **.** ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )
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| ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p'
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| dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=sda.gz'
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| **rsync** (Network efficient file copier: Use the --dry-run option for testing)
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| rsync -P [rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file](rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file)file
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| rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile
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| rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public\_html/ remote.com:'~/public\_html'
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| rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ **.** && rsync -auz -e ssh **.** remote:/dir/
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| **ssh** (Secure SHell)
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| ssh $USER@$HOST command
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| ssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes
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| scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/
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| ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST
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| ssh -R 1434:[imap:143](imap:143) root@$HOST
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| **wget** (multi purpose download tool)
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| (cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk [http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html](http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html))
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| wget -c [http://www.example.com/large.file](http://www.example.com/large.file)
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| wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '\*.jpg' [http://www.example.com/dir/](http://www.example.com/dir/)
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| wget ftp://remote/file\[1-9\].iso/
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| •
| wget -q -O- [http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html](http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html)| grep 'a href' | head
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| echo 'wget url' | at 01:00
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| wget --limit-rate=20k url
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| wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html
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| wget --mirror [http://www.example.com/](http://www.example.com/)
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| **networking** (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete)
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| ethtool eth0
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| ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full
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| iwconfig eth1
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| iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed
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| iwlist scan
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| ip link show
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| ip link set dev eth0 name wan
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| ip link set dev eth0 up
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| ip addr show
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| ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0
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| ip route show
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| ip route add default via 1.2.3.254
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| tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec
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| tc qdisc del dev lo root
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| host pixelbeat.org
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| hostname -i
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| whois pixelbeat.org
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| netstat -tupl
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| netstat -tup
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| **windows networking** (Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support)
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| smbtree
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| nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4
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| smbclient -L windows\_box
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| mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows\_box/share /mnt/share
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| echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows\_box
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| **text manipulation** (Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option)
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| sed 's/string1/string2/g'
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| sed 's/.\*1/\\12/g'
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| sed '/ \*#/d; /^ \*$/d'
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| sed ':a; /\\\\$/N; s/\\\\\\n//; ta'
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| sed 's/\[ \\t\]\*$//'
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| sed 's/\\(\[`"$\\\]\\)/\\\\\\1/g'
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| seq 10 | sed "s/^/ /; s/ \*.{7, }/\\1/"
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| sed -n '1000{p;q}'
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| sed -n '10,20p;20q'
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| sed -n 's/.\*<title>\\(.\*\\)<\\/title>.\*/\\1/ip;T;q'
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| sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known\_hosts
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| sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n
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| echo 'Test' | tr '\[:lower:\]' '\[:upper:\]'
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| tr -dc '\[:print:\]' < /dev/urandom
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| history | wc -l
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| **set operations** (Note you can [export LANG=C](http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/env.html) for speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file)
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| sort file1 file2 | uniq
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| sort file1 file2 | uniq -d
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| sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u
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| sort file1 file2 | uniq -u
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| join -t'\\0' -a1 -a2 file1 file2
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| join -t'\\0' file1 file2
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| join -t'\\0' -v2 file1 file2
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| join -t'\\0' -v1 -v2 file1 file2
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| **math**
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| echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l
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| echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100\*10^6)/((pad+min)\*8)' | bc
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| echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)\*8)' | python
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| echo 'pad=20; plot \[64:1518\] (100\*10\*\*6)/((pad+x)\*8)' | gnuplot -persist
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| echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc
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| echo $((0x2dec))
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| units -t '100m/[9.58s](http://www.pixelbeat.org/misc/usain_bolt/)' 'miles/hour'
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| units -t '500GB' 'GiB'
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| units -t '1 googol'
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| seq 100 | (tr '\\n' +; echo 0) | bc
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| **calendar**
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| cal -3
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| cal 9 1752
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| date -d fri
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| \[ $(date -d "tomorrow" +%d) = "01" \]
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| date --date='25 Dec' +%A
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| date --date='@2147483647'
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| TZ=':America/Los\_Angeles' date
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| echo "mail -s 'get the train' P@draigBrady.com < /dev/null" | at 17:45
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| echo "DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" | at "NOW + 30 minutes"
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| **locales**
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| printf "%'d\\n" 1234
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| BLOCK\_SIZE=\\'1 ls -l
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| echo "I live in `locale territory`"
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| LANG=en\_IE.utf8 locale int\_prefix
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| locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less
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| **recode** (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos)
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| recode -l | less
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| recode windows-1252.. file\_to\_change.txt
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| recode utf-8/CRLF.. file\_to\_change.txt
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| recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file\_to\_change.txt
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| recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64
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| recode /qp.. < file.txt > file.qp
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| recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html
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| recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro
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| echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump
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| echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x
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| echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x
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| **CDs**
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| gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz
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| mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz
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| mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir
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| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast
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| gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -
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| cdparanoia -B
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| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio \*.wav
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| oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg'
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| **disk space** (See also [FSlint](http://www.pixelbeat.org/fslint/))
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| •
| ls -lSr
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| du -s \* | sort -k1,1rn | head
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| df -h
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| df -i
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| fdisk -l
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| [rpm](http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/packaging.html) -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\\t%{NAME}\\n' | sort -k1,1n
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| [dpkg](http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/packaging.html)-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\\t${Package}\\n' | sort -k1,1n
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| dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test
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| > file
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| **monitoring/debugging**
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| tail -f /var/log/messages
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| strace -c ls >/dev/null
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| strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null
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| ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null
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| lsof -p $$
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| lsof ~
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| tcpdump not port 22
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| ps -e -o pid,args --forest
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| ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d'
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| •
| ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS
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| ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state
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| ps -p 1,2
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| last reboot
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| free -m
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| watch -n.1 'cat /proc/interrupts'
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| **system information** (see also [sysinfo](http://www.pixelbeat.org/scripts/sysinfo)) ('#' means root access is required)
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| uname -a
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| head -n1 /etc/issue
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| cat /proc/partitions
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| grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo
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| grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo
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| lspci -tv
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| lsusb -tv
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| mount | column -t
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| grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info
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| \#
| dmidecode -q | less
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| \#
| smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power\_On\_Hours
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| \#
| hdparm -i /dev/sda
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| \#
| hdparm -tT /dev/sda
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| \#
| badblocks -s /dev/sda
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| **interactive** (see also [linux keyboard shortcuts)](http://www.pixelbeat.org/lkdb/)
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| •
| [readline](http://www.pixelbeat.org/lkdb/readline.html)
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| [screen](http://www.pixelbeat.org/lkdb/screen.html)
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| •
| [mc](http://www.pixelbeat.org/lkdb/mc.html)
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| •
| [gnuplot](http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/web/access_log/analyzing.html)
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| •
| links
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| •
| xdg-open **.**
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| **miscellaneous**
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| •
| [alias](http://www.pixelbeat.org/settings/.bashrc)hd='od -Ax -tx1z -v'
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| •
| [alias](http://www.pixelbeat.org/settings/.bashrc)realpath='readlink -f'
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| •
| set | grep $USER
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| touch -c -t 0304050607 file
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| •
| python -m SimpleHTTPServer
|